Low glomerular filtration rate values are associated with higher TSH in an elderly population at high cardiovascular disease risk.

Background: Hypothyroidism is associated with impaired glomerular filtration rate (GFR), a recognized cardiovascular disease (CVD), and mortality risk factor. In older adults, this association remains unexplored. We aimed to determine the relationship of elevated TSH with GFR in an elderly population at high CVD risk. Methods: Older adults (age>65ys) with high CVD risk defined by two or more CVD risk factors: smoking (S), high blood pressure (HBP), high total cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, diabetes (DM), metabolic syndrome or previous cardiovascular event, were prospectively included at our ambulatory Endocrine Clinic. Patients under levothyroxine or thyroid disease were excluded. TSH> 6mU/l defined subclinical hypothyroidism (ScH) with normal free T4 levels. Estimated GFR was calculated by the Berlin-Initiative Study (BIS)-1 formula for elderly population. Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (uACR), IL-6 and TNF-α, and Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) were also determined. The U Mann-Whitney test, the Spearman test, and multiple linear regression were used as statistical tests. Results: Finally 246 patients (68% females) were included and 20 (8%) had ScH. This group, was older (median, Q1-Q3: 77,72-78; 72,68-77 years, p=0.01) and DM was less frequent than in the euthyroid group (35 vs 58%, p=0.039). Lower fasting glucose (-20%,p=0.01), GFR (-14%,p=0.01) and freeT4 (-10%,p<0.001) were found compared to euthyroid patients. A higher prevalence of Kidney failure was found in ScH (80 vs. 46%, p=0.003) vs. euthyroid individuals. Significant correlations with GFR were detected: age (r-0.482,p<0.001), TSH (r-0.172,p=0.004), IL-6 (r-0.150,p=0.047), TNF-α (r-0.274,p<0.001), uACR (r-0.170,p=0.009) and CIMT(r-0.189,p=0.004). By multiple linear regression, in a model adjusted by age, sex, BMI, uACR, S, DM, TNF-α and HBP, TSH (Bst -0.14, p=0.023, R2 = 0.25) was found an independent predictor of GFR. Conclusion: In older adults with high CVD risk, ScH is associated with lower renal function, and this relationship is present regardless of other cardiometabolic risk factors. These results suggest that ScH could contribute to low GFR and excess CVD risk, although this hypothesis should be addressed in longitudinal studies.

The Metreleptin Effectiveness and Safety Registry (MEASuRE): concept, design and challenges.

BACKGROUND: Metreleptin, a recombinant analog of human leptin, is an approved therapy, adjunct to diet, to treat the metabolic complications of leptin deficiency in patients with lipodystrophy - a group of rare diseases characterized by a paucity of adipose tissue. MEASuRE (Metreleptin Effectiveness And Safety Registry) is a post-authorization, voluntary registry that gathers long-term safety and effectiveness data on metreleptin. Here, we present the aims and evolution of MEASuRE. METHODS: MEASuRE was established to collect data from patients receiving commercially supplied metreleptin in the United States (US) and European Union (EU). MEASuRE aims to determine the incidence and severity of safety events and describe the clinical characteristics and therapeutic outcomes in the metreleptin-treated population. A key feature of MEASuRE is that it accumulates data from different sources to meet post-authorization objectives. US data are received directly from treating physicians via a contract research organization-mediated electronic data capture system. In the EU, data are received via the European Registry of Lipodystrophies managed by the European Consortium of Lipodystrophies (ECLip), a platform established by researchers and physicians to advance the knowledge of lipodystrophy. MEASuRE complies with applicable regulatory requirements governing privacy, and the storage, management, and access of data. RESULTS: Leveraging processes, infrastructure, and data from the ECLip registry presented several challenges that were addressed during MEASuRE's development, including the expansion of the ECLip registry to accommodate MEASuRE-specific data elements, extensive data matching processes to ensure data consistency regardless of source, and rigorous data validation following the amalgamation of global data. Through the support of ECLip, MEASuRE is now a fully operational registry with the capacity for gathering and integrating standardized US- and EU-derived data. As of 31st October 2022, 15 US and four EU sites have participated in the MEASuRE, enrolling 85 patients globally. CONCLUSIONS: Our experiences show that a post-authorization product registry can be successfully integrated into an existing patient registry. We propose that, through collaboration with existing registries and use of their established resources, patient enrolment timelines and data collection for new registries can be expedited. The learnings presented here may be applicable to other registries with similar objectives. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02325674; Registered 25 December 2014 - Retrospectively registered'. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02325674 .

Heart Failure and Diabetes: Perspective of a Dangerous Association.

The relationship between diabetes and risk of heart failure has been described in previous trials, releasing the importance of the hyperglycemic state that, added to other risk factors, favors the development of coronary heart disease. The mechanism by which, in the absence of hypertension, obesity and/or dyslipidemia, diabetic patients develop cardiomyopathy has been less studied. Recently, the Sodium Glucose Co-transporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitors) used for the treatment of heart failure patients with or without diabetes has been a breakthrough in the field of medicine. This review describes the established pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy and SGLT2 inhibitors, their mechanisms of action, and benefits in this group of patients.

La pandemia Covid-19 y la continuidad de los procesos de formación de los profesionales de la salud: virtualización de las experiencias de aprendizaje en la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes / The Covid-19 pandemic and the continuity of the training processes of health professionals: virtualization of learning experiences in the Argentine Society of Diabetes

El año 2020 se nos presentó a todos como un año diferente en el que nos vimos obligados, individualmente y como comunidad, a generar formas distintas de comunicación e intercambio. Transcurría febrero y los docentes de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes (SAD) generábamos propuestas para desarrollar durante el año, compartiendo reuniones y tratando de responder inquietudes surgidas de los debates, planificando los temas, a quiénes dirigirnos o qué competencias queríamos desarrollar. Pero marzo nos sorprendió con el contexto de aislamiento sanitario producto de la pandemia y esto generó un desafío en materia educativa con más incertidumbres que certezas, dentro de un marco de mucha angustia en lo personal y laboral.

Glycemic variability and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Glycated hemoglobin is currently the gold standard for assessment of long-term glycemic control and response to medical treatment in patients with diabetes. Glycated hemoglobin, however, does not address fluctuations in blood glucose. Glycemic variability (GV) refers to fluctuations in blood glucose levels. Recent clinical data indicate that GV is associated with increased risk of hypoglycemia, microvascular and macrovascular complications, and mortality in patients with diabetes, independently of glycated hemoglobin level. The use of continuous glucose monitoring devices has markedly improved the assessment of GV in clinical practice and facilitated the assessment of GV as well as hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia events in patients with diabetes. We review current concepts on the definition and assessment of GV and its association with cardiovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Monitoreo continuo de glucosa: indicaciones, interpretación de datos y toma de decisiones terapéuticas. Recomendaciones de expertos / Continuous glucose monitoring: indications, data interpretation and making therapeutic decisions. Expert recommendations

Las herramientas para evaluar el grado de control glucémico se modificaron últimamente. La emoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c), parámetro de referencia (gold standard), refleja el control glucémico de los últimos tres meses de manera retrospectiva, sin expresar la variabilidad glucémica. El automonitoreo glucémico capilar (AGC) brinda información inmediata y prospectiva, pero dispone de pocos datos glucémicos para generar promedios y desviaciones estándares representativas. No detecta tendencias y tiene limitaciones para obtener datos nocturnos o durante la actividad física. Es invasivo y muchas veces rechazado. Contrariamente, el monitoreo continuo de glucosa (MCG) mide la glucosa instantáneamente, y muestra sus tendencias y su variabilidad en forma continua, incorporando nuevas métricas de control. Mediante el perfil ambulatorio de glucosa (PAG) se analizan los patrones del control glucémico durante el sueño, los ayunos prolongados, la actividad física y las intercurrencias, expresándolos como curvas con sus desviaciones estándar durante períodos de horas (8 a 24 horas) o días (7, 14, 30 y 90 días). El PAG contiene las siguientes métricas: porcentaje de tiempo en rango TIR (del inglés, time in range), porcentaje de tiempo por encima del rango TAR (del inglés, time above range), porcentaje de tiempo por debajo del rango o hipoglucemia TBR (del inglés, time below range) y coeficiente de variabilidad (%CV). La información continua permite tomar decisiones inmediatas, ya sea con la ingesta de carbohidratos o con la aplicación de insulina. El MCG con terapéuticas insulínicas inyectables (TII) o bomba portable de insulina (BPI) es una herramienta muy útil y complementaria para el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) y la DM2 en la insulinoterapia. Su utilización se asoció con descensos significativos en la HbA1c, disminución de la variabilidad glucémica, reducción de las hipoglucemias totales y nocturnas, y mejoría de la calidad de vida en estos pacientes. Nuestro propósito como grupo de expertos es generar una guía práctica para regular la implementación del MCG.

The tools to assess the degree of glycemic control were modified lately. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), the gold standard, reflects the glycemic control of the last 3 months retrospectively, without expressing glycemic variability. Selfblood glucose monitoring (SBGM) provides immediate and prospective information, but has little glycemic data to generate representative averages and standard deviations. It does not detect trends and has limitations to obtain nocturnal data or during physical activity. It is invasive and often rejected. On the contrary, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), allows to measure glucose instantly, shows your trends and variability continuously, incorporating new control metrics. The ambulatory glucose profile (AGP) analyzes the patterns of glycemic control during sleep, prolonged fasting, physical activity and intercurrences, expressing them as curves with their standard deviations during periods of hours (8 to 24 hours) or days (7, 14, 30 and 90 days). The AGP contains the following metrics: percentage time in range (TIR), percentage time above range mg/dl (TAR), percentage time below range or hypoglycemia (TBR) and coefficient of variation (%CV). CGM with IIT or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), is a very useful and complementary tool for the treatment of DM1 and DM2 in insulin therapy. Its use was associated with significant decreases in HbA1c, decreased glycemic variability, reduction of total and nocturnal hypoglycemia and improvement of the quality of life in these patients. Our aim as a group of experts is to generate a practical guide to regulate the implementation of the CGM.

[New generation of insulins: glargine U300. Summary of clinical evidence]. / Nueva generación de insulinas: glargina U300. Resumen de evidencia clínica.

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic, progressive disease with increasing prevalence and still late diagnostic. This leads to an increase in the incidence of chronic complications, with signifi cantly increasing health costs. There is also a delay in the onset of insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes for causes related to both patients and physicians. Despite advances in treatment, a low proportion of patients achieve adequate glycemic control. The high hypoglycemia prevalence, consequence of insulin, has led to the development of a new generation long-acting basal insulins to achieve a more stable and prolonged action profile, reducing the variability and risk of hypoglycemia. The EDITION program evaluated the efficacy and safety of glargine U300 compared to glargine U100 in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes at different stages of the disease. Gla-300 is a new formulation of insulin glargine which has a more stable and prolonged pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile. Gla-300 demonstrated efficacy and tolerability comparable to glargine U100, with a significant decrease in the risk of hypoglycemia, at night and in 24 hours, providing greater flexibility in the injection schedule, with a window of 6 hours. No increase in weight was observed compared to glargine U100. Bright study (2018) compared glargine U300 vs. degludec U100, demonstrating greater benefit in relation to the risk of hypoglycemia with Gla-300 during titration period. Gla-300 is a last-generation basal insulin, available to improve metabolic control, with a lower risk of hypoglycemia.

La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 tiene evolución crónica y progresiva, prevalencia creciente y aún es diagnosticada tardíamente. Esto conlleva mayor incidencia de complicaciones crónicas, con incremento de costos en salud. Existe retraso en el inicio de insulinoterapia por causas relacionadas tanto al paciente como al médico. A pesar de los avances en su tratamiento, una baja proporción de enfermos logra control glucémico adecuado. La alta prevalencia de hipoglucemia en pacientes insulino-tratados, impulsó el desarrollo de una nueva generación de insulinas basales de acción prolongada, mayor estabilidad con menor variabilidad y riesgo de hipoglucemias. El programa EDITION evaluó la eficacia y seguridad de glargina U300 vs. glargina U100 en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 y 2, en distintas etapas de la enfermedad. Glargina U300 es una nueva formulación de insulina glargina con perfil farmacocinético y farmacodinámico más estable y prolongado que glargina U100. Glargina U300 demostró eficacia y tolerabilidad comparable a glargina U100, con descenso significativo del riesgo de hipoglucemias nocturnas y en 24 horas, aportando mayor flexibilidad en el horario de inyección, con una ventana de 6 horas. Además, no se observó mayor aumento de peso que con glargina U100. El estudio Bright (2018) comparó glargina U300 vs. degludec U100, demostrando mayor beneficio en relación al riesgo de hipoglucemia con Gla-300 durante el período de titulación. Gla-300 es una insulina basal de última generación, disponible para mejorar el control metabólico, con menor riesgo de hipoglucemia.

Nueva generación de insulinas: glargina U300: Resumen de evidencia clínica / New generation of insulins: glargine U300. Summary of clinical evidence

La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 tiene evolución crónica y progresiva, prevalencia creciente y aún es diagnosticada tardíamente. Esto conlleva mayor incidencia de complicaciones crónicas, con incremento de costos en salud. Existe retraso en el inicio de insulinoterapia por causas relacionadas tanto al paciente como al médico. A pesar de los avances en su tratamiento, una baja proporción de enfermos logra control glucémico adecuado. La alta prevalencia de hipoglucemia en pacientes insulino-tratados, impulsó el desarrollo de una nueva generación de insulinas basales de acción prolongada, mayor estabilidad con menor variabilidad y riesgo de hipoglucemias. El programa EDITION evaluó la eficacia y seguridad de glargina U300 vs. glargina U100 en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 y 2, en distintas etapas de la enfermedad. Glargina U300 es una nueva formulación de insulina glargina con perfil farmacocinético y farmacodinámico más estable y prolongado que glargina U100. Glargina U300 demostró eficacia y tolerabilidad comparable a glargina U100, con descenso significativo del riesgo de hipoglucemias nocturnas y en 24 horas, aportando mayor flexibilidad en el horario de inyección, con una ventana de 6 horas. Además, no se observó mayor aumento de peso que con glargina U100. El estudio Bright (2018) comparó glargina U300 vs. degludec U100, demostrando mayor beneficio en relación al riesgo de hipoglucemia con Gla-300 durante el período de titulación. Gla-300 es una insulina basal de última generación, disponible para mejorar el control metabólico, con menor riesgo de hipoglucemia.

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic, progressive disease with increasing prevalence and still late diagnostic. This leads to an increase in the incidence of chronic complications, with signifi cantly increasing health costs. There is also a delay in the onset of insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes for causes related to both patients and physicians. Despite advances in treatment, a low proportion of patients achieve adequate glycemic control. The high hypoglycemia prevalence, consequence of insulin, has led to the development of a new generation long-acting basal insulins to achieve a more stable and prolonged action profile, reducing the variability and risk of hypoglycemia. The EDITION program evaluated the efficacy and safety of glargine U300 compared to glargine U100 in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes at different stages of the disease. Gla-300 is a new formulation of insulin glargine which has a more stable and prolonged pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile. Gla-300 demonstrated efficacy and tolerability comparable to glargine U100, with a significant decrease in the risk of hypoglycemia, at night and in 24 hours, providing greater flexibility in the injection schedule, with a window of 6 hours. No increase in weight was observed compared to glargine U100. Bright study (2018) compared glargine U300 vs. degludec U100, demonstrating greater benefit in relation to the risk of hypoglycemia with Gla-300 during titration period. Gla-300 is a last-generation basal insulin, available to improve metabolic control, with a lower risk of hypoglycemia.

Monitoreo continuo de glucosa: Utilidad e indicaciones / Continuous glucose monitoring. Utility and indications

Un adecuado control glucémico evita o retarda la aparición y/o evolución de las complicaciones crónicas en pacientes con diabetes mellitus (DM). Para lograrlo es necesario adecuar las dosis de insulina en personas con DM tipo 1 o tipo 2 en insulinoterapia, por el tradicional automonitoreo de glucosa capilar (AGC) que presenta aún limitaciones para generar un registro adecuado de datos, es invasivo y tiene baja adherencia. En contraposición, los nuevos sistemas de monitoreo continuo de glucosa (MCG) brindan una información más completa, más dinámica y con mejor tolerancia. Están constituidos por un sensor subcutáneo que informa ininterrumpidamente los niveles de glucosa del tejido celular subcutáneo y un módulo receptor que permite su lectura y almacenamiento. Los modelos de tiempo real (MCG-RT) permiten observar continuamente los datos, mientras que los sistemas intermitentes (MCG-Flash/EI) los muestran siempre y cuando se acerque el receptor al módulo sensor, generando una lectura voluntaria e intermitente, aunque almacenan todo en la memoria. El MCG informa además las tendencias glucémicas, indicando si están en ascenso o descenso y a qué velocidad cambian. El uso del MCG vs. AGC reduce la hemoglobina glicosilada (A1c) entre 0.53 y 1.0% con disminución significativa (38%) del tiempo de exposición a hipoglucemias. Presenta además, mayor adherencia. Los objetivos de esta revisión son: describir la homeostasis glucémica, evaluar la precisión del MCG, interpretar los datos adecuadamente y finalmente, sugerir en forma práctica los cambios para incorporar a la insulinoterapia tradicional, basados en la información que aportan estos novedosos sistemas de monitoreo.

An adequate glycemic control prevents and/or delays the development and/or progression of chronic complications in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). To achieve this control, it is necessary to adjust insulin doses, in type 1 or insulinized type 2 DM persons, based on traditional capillary glucose self-monitoring, which has limitations to generate an adequate data record, is invasive and has low adherence. In contrast, new continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems provide more complete and dynamic information, and better compliance. In these systems, a subcutaneous sensor continuously sends glucose values which are captured and stocked by a receptor module. Real-time models (CGM-RT) allow continuous and real-time readings of interstitial glucose, whereas CGM-Flash/EI systems require lector approach to sensor module performing intermittent scanning. CGM shows if glycemic levels are increasing or decreasing and how fast it is happening (tendency). CGM decreases glycosylated hemoglobin between 0.53% and 1.0%, as well as time in hypoglycemia by 38%, increasing the time in range of glucose levels, in patients with high adherence. The objectives of this review are to describe the glycemic homeostasis, to evaluate the accuracy of the CGM to interpret the data adequately and finally, based on the information provided by these novel monitoring systems, to suggest a practical way to be added to the traditional intensive insulin therapy.

[Continuous glucose monitoring. Utility and indications]. / Monitoreo continuo de glucosa. Utilidad e indicaciones.

An adequate glycemic control prevents and/or delays the development and/or progression of chronic complications in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). To achieve this control, it is necessary to adjust insulin doses, in type 1 or insulinized type 2 DM persons, based on traditional capillary glucose self-monitoring, which has limitations to generate an adequate data record, is invasive and has low adherence. In contrast, new continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems provide more complete and dynamic information, and better compliance. In these systems, a subcutaneous sensor continuously sends glucose values which are captured and stocked by a receptor module. Real-time models (CGMRT) allow continuous and real-time readings of interstitial glucose, whereas CGM-Flash/EI systems require lector approach to sensor module performing intermittent scanning. CGM shows if glycemic levels are increasing or decreasing and how fast it is happening (tendency). CGM decreases glycosylated hemoglobin between 0.53% and 1.0%, as well as time in hypoglycemia by 38%, increasing the time in range of glucose levels, in patients with high adherence. The objectives of this review are to describe the glycemic homeostasis, to evaluate the accuracy of the CGM to interpret the data adequately and finally, based on the information provided by these novel monitoring systems, to suggest a practical way to be added to the traditional intensive insulin therapy.

Hipoglucemia hiperinsulinémica postprandial luego de la cirugía bariátrica / Postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia after bariatric surgery

bariátrica (CB) ha ido en aumento en relación con la epidemia de obesidad y el mayor número de procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados a nivel mundial. Entre las complicaciones, la hipoglucemia hiperinsulinémica postprandial (HHP) adquirió relevancia, aunque es una de las menos conocidas y comprendidas de la CB, frecuentemente inadvertida y por lo tanto subdiagnosticada. Se distingue de la hipoglucemia de ayuno en que su presentación es típicamente posterior a la ingesta, asociada a valores de hipoglucemia precedidos por hiperglucemia e hiperinsulinemia en sangre. Se caracteriza por el incremento de la variabilidad de la glucemia, con absorción acelerada, aumento y rápida caída del azúcar en sangre, por lo que comprende valores de hiper e hipoglucemia. Debe sospecharse cuando se detectan síntomas adrenérgicos o de neuroglucopenia postprandiales luego de la CB1. Ha sido considerada más frecuente luego del bypass gástrico en-Y-Roux (BGYR), pero también fue descripta asociada a otras técnicas quirúrgicas, como la derivación biliopancreática/switch duodenal (DBP/SD)2 y la gastrectomía vertical en manga (GVM), y de otras intervenciones que comprometen el píloro o el vaciamiento gástrico3. No se observó luego de la cirugía con banda gástrica ajustable, un procedimiento que no altera la anatomía gastrointestinal

Associated with the obesity epidemic and the growing number of bariatric surgery procedures being performed worldwide, the incidence of reported complications has increased as well. Among these, the postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (PHH) warrants further attention. This condition is not entirelly understood and is probably underdiagnosed. The PHH is characterized by hypoglycemic symptoms occurring after a meal accompanied by a low plasma glucose value, typically preceded by a high rise in both glucose and insulin concentrations. Patients with PHH have shown increased glucose variability with a rapid increase in glucose absorption into the systemic circulation and an increase in glucose disappearance, with glucose values reaching both the hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic areas. It should be suspected in patients with postprandial adrenergic or neuroglycopenic symptoms after bariatric surgery1. It was considered most commonly associated with Roux-en Y gastric bypass (RYGB), although it was also described after biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) with duodenal switch2 and sleeve gastrectomy, and other surgical procedures which compromises the pylorus and the gastric emptying3. It has not been observed after adjustable gastric banding, an intervention that does not alter the gastrointestinal anatomy

Resultados preliminares de un estudio de evaluación de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en estudiantes de la Universidad de Buenos Aires / Preliminary results of an evaluation study of cardiovascular risk factors in students of Buenos Aires Univesity

Introducción: el síndrome metabólico (SM) aumenta el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular. Esta asociación varía según la edad, factores étnicos, económicos y ambientales. El SM no se evaluó en jóvenes de la población argentina. Objetivos: evaluar los componentes del SM en estudiantes de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Materiales y métodos: se evaluaron 1.550 estudiantes, de 18 a 40 años, en un estudio transversal epidemiológico durante un período de 12 meses. Criterios de exclusión: embarazo, consumo de alcohol o drogas. Se analizaron peso, talla, presión arterial y circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Se midieron los niveles en sangre de glucosa, LDL-C, triglicéridos (TG) y HDL-C. Se calcularon el índice de masa corporal y TG/HDL-C. El SM se definió según los criterios del ATP III. Consideramos alto LDL-C si era >130 mg/dL y TG elevados cuando eran >150 mg/dL. Resultados: la media de edad fue de 25±4,8 años, el 60,2% fue mujer. Prevalencia de factores de riesgo: obesidad 6,6%, sobrepeso 21,9%, glucemia anormal 0,4%, alto LDL-C 12,8%, alto TG 9,2%, bajo HDL-C 9,2%, hipertensión 3,6%, alto TG/HDL 5%, aumento de CC 6,6%, SM 2,5%. Conclusiones: encontramos baja prevalencia de SM en jóvenes estudiantes universitarios

Introduction: metabolic syndrome (MS) increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This association varies by age, race, ethnic, economic and environmental factors. MS in young people has not been evaluated on argentinian population. Objectives: to evaluate the components of the metabolic syndrome in students of the University of Buenos Aires. Materials and methods: a sample of 1.550 students from 18 to 40 years were evaluated on an epidemiological cross-sectional study in a 12 months period. Exclusion criteria: pregnancy, alcohol intake or drugs that affect hepatic parameters. Weight, height, blood pressure and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Blood levels of glucose, LDL-C, triglycerides (TG) and HDL-C were measured. Body mass index and TG/HDL-C were calculated. MS was defined according to ATP III criteria. We considered high LDL-C >130 mg/dL and high TG >150mg/dl. Results: mean age was 25±4.8 years, 60.2% were females. Prevalence of risk factors: obesity 6.6%, overweight 21.9%, abnormal glucose 0.4%, high LDL-C 12.8%, high TG 9.2%, low HDL-C 9.2%, hypertension 3.6%, high TG/HDL 5%, increased WC 6.6%, MS 2.5%, Conclusions: we found low prevalence off MS on this young student population

Efficacy of anthropometric measures for identifying cardiovascular disease risk in adolescents: review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: To compare the ability of Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist to height ratio (WHtR) to estimate cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk levels in adolescents. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed after a database search for relevant literature (Cochrane, Centre for Review and Dissemination, PubMed, British Nursing Index, CINAHL, BIOSIS citation index, ChildData, metaRegister). EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The study included 117 records representing 96 studies with 994,595 participants were included in the systematic review, 14 of which (13 studies, N.=14,610) were eligible for the meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis showed that BMI was a strong indicator of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and insulin; but not total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein or glucose. Few studies were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis considering WC or WHtR (N.≤2). The narrative synthesis found measures of central adiposity to be consistently valid indicators of the same risk factors as BMI. CONCLUSIONS: BMI was an indicator of CVD risk. WC and WHtR were efficacious for indicating the same risk factors BMI performed strongly for, though there was insufficient evidence to judge the relative strength of each measure possibly due to heterogeneity in the methods for measuring and classifying WC.

Tratamiento de la enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica / Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease treatment

La enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico (EHGNA) es una enfermedad del hígado que no se asocia con el alcohol. Su prevalencia aumenta junto con la epidemia de obesidad y diabetes tipo 2 (DM2), y el riesgo de sufrir una enfermedad hepática más agresiva es mayor con el consiguiente aumento de la cirrosis, el carcinoma hepatocelular y la enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV). La acumulación ectópica de grasa se asocia a dietas hipergrasas y de alta densidad energética, a la hiperglucemia y la insulinorresistencia que condicen a la supresión de la producción hepática de glucosa y la disminución de la captación de glucosa por el músculo esquelético lo cual promueve la lipogénesis de novo y genera un círculo vicioso que favorece aún más la esteatosis

Alteraciones lipídicas en adolescentes de peso adecuado / Alterações lipídicas em adolescentes de peso adequado / Lipidic alterations in adolescents of adequate weight

Introducción. Las concentraciones de c-LDL (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) y de c-HDL (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) se utilizan generalmente para determinar el riesgo aterogénico. Los diferentes estudios, tanto en adultos como en niños, demuestran el valor pronóstico superior de la apolipoproteina B, colesterol no HDL e índices específicos de las lipoproteínas (triglicéridos/c-HDL, c-LDL/c-HDL, colesterol total/c-HDL). Objetivo. Determinar el perfil lipídico, las lipoproteínas y los perfiles de apolipoproteínas y su asociación con los indicadores antropométricos en la población joven. Materiales y métodos. Fueron evaluados 429 niñas y 514 varones, entre 11 y 14 años. Se determinaron las medidas antropométricas, la presión arterial, el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la relación entre cintura y talla. Fueron analizados: glucemia, colesterol total, c-LDL, triglicéridos y apolipoproteína B. Se calcularon las relaciones entre triglicéridos y c-HDL y el colesterol no HDL. Resultados. Los varones tuvieron mayor peso, mayor IMC, mayor circunferencia de cintura, mayor presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, en comparación a las niñas. Observamos una correlación positiva entre la circunferencia de cintura y el IMC con el colesterol total y con distintos índices de lipoproteínas en varones; sin embargo, en las niñas únicamente la circunferencia de cintura se asoció con los índices de lipoproteínas. Solo el 70% de los adolescentes tuvieron un perfil lipídico dentro de los parámetros de normalidad, así como el c-LDL y los niveles de colesterol no HDL. El c-HDL se encontró disminuido en un 35% de los varones y en un 45% de las mujeres, anormalidad más frecuentemente hallada. Conclusiones. Demostramos que existe una alta prevalencia de niveles no deseables de lípidos y de lipoproteínas en adolescentes con peso adecuado. Este estudio enfatiza la necesidad de un reconocimiento y de una intervención precoz de la dislipemia en la población pediátrica para prevenir la enfermedad cardiovascular en la etapa adulta.

Lipidic alterations in adolescents of adequate weight Background. Serum concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) are usually used to determine atherogenic risk. Different studies in adults as well as in children have shown the superior prognostic value of apolipoprotein B, non HDL- cholesterol and specific ratios of lipoprotein variables, such as triglycerides/ HDL-c, LDL-c/ HDL-c and cholesterol/HDL-c. Aims. Determine lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein profiles and its association with anthropometric indicators in a young population. Materials and methods. Four hundred twenty nine girls and 514 boys, between 11 and 14 years old were evaluated. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI) and waist/height ratio were determined. Blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-c, triglycerides, apolipoprotein B were analyzed. Triglycerides/HDL-c ratio and non HDL-c were calculated. Results. Males had higher weight, BMI, waist circumference and blood pressure, both systolic and diastolic than girls. We observed positive correlations between waist circumference and BMI with total cholesterol and different lipoprotein ratios in males, however in female only waist circumference was associated with lipoprotein ratios. Only seventy percent of the adolescents presented normal lipid profile as well as LDL and non HDL-c levels. HDL-c was decreased in 35% of males and 45% of females, being the most frequent abnormality found. Conclusions. We showed a high prevalence of undesirable lipid and lipoprotein levels in normal weight adolescents. This study emphasizes the need for early recognition and intervention for hyperlipidemia in pediatric populations to prevent cardiovascular disease in adults.

Alterações lipídicas em adolescentes de peso adequado Introdução. As concentrações séricas de colesterol de lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL-c) e colesterol de lipoproteínas de alta densidade (HDL-c) são geralmente utilizadas para determinar o risco aterogênico. Estudos diferentes tanto em adultos como em crianças mostraram o valor prognóstico superior da apolipoproteína B, colesterol não HDL e relações específicas de variáveis de lipoproteínas, tais como triglicerídeos/HDL-c, LDL-c/HDL-c e colesterol/HDL-c. Objetivos. Determine os perfis lipídicos, lipoproteicos e apolipoproteicos e sua associação com indicadores antropométricos em uma população jovem. Materiais e métodos. Foram avaliados 429 meninas e 514 meninos, entre 11 e 14 anos de idade. Foram determinadas medidas antropométricas, pressão sanguínea, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e relação cintura/altura. Foram analisados: glicemia, colesterol total, LDL-c, triglicerídeos, apolipoproteína B. Foram calculadas taxas de triglicerídeos/HDL-c e colesterol não HDL. Resultados. Os meninos tiveram maior peso, maior IMC, maior circunferência da cintura, maior pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica em comparação com as meninas. Observou-se uma correlação positiva entre a circunferência da cintura e o IMC com colesterol total e lipoproteínas com taxas diferentes em meninos; no entanto, só as meninas a circunferência da cintura foi associado com níveis de lipoproteínas. Apenas 70% dos adolescentes tiveram um perfil lipídico dentro dos parâmetros de normalidade e o LDL-c e os níveis de colesterol não HDL. O HDL-c diminuiu em 35% dos homens e 45% das mulheres, sendo a anormalidade mais freqüente encontrada. Conclusões. Mostramos uma alta prevalência de níveis indesejáveis de lipídios e lipoproteínas em adolescentes com peso normal. Este estudo enfatiza a necessidade de reconhecimento precoce e intervenção para hiperlipidemia em populações pediátricas para prevenir doenças cardiovasculares em adultos.

Diagnóstico de esteatosis hepática por métodos clínicos, bioquímicos y por imágenes / Diagnosis of hepatic steatosis using clinical, biochemical and imaging methods

La enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica comprende un espectro de afecciones hepáticas que va desde la simple esteatosis a la esteatohepatitis, fibrosis y hasta cirrosis. Su prevalencia aumenta con la edad, la obesidad y está fuertemente asociada con la presencia de síndrome metabólico y aumento de la mortalidad cardiovascular y por enfermedades malignas. Se produce por una acumulación de triglicéridos en los hepatocitos relacionada con insulinorresistencia hepática y muscular. Su presencia se asocia con aumento de transaminasa glutámico-oxaloacética o glutamico-pirúvica, aunque esta última puede no estar elevada en la enfermedad avanzada. Existen 5 índices utilizados para el diagnóstico de esteatosis hepática: SteatoTest, fatty liver index, NAFLD liver fat score, lipid acumulation product y hepatic steatosis index, mientras que para esteatohepatitis contamos con el NASH test, NASH diagnostics, NASH score y HAIR (Hypertention, increased ALT and IR o Insulin resistence). En estadios de fibrosis el índice transaminasa glutamicooxáloacetica-glutamicopiruvica aumenta, así como la ferritina en sangre y el valor del NAFLD fibrosis score, siendo de alta especificidad para el diagnóstico. La ecografía abdominal tiene una gran disponibilidad, pero su sensibilidad diagnóstica es menor cuando existen grados leves de infiltración grasa hepática. La tomografía computada tiene una especificidad del 100% cuando el contenido graso es mayor al 30% pero la radiación emitida no permite un uso frecuente. La resonancia magnética con espectroscopia constituye el método de elección para la detección y cuantificación de contenido de grasa hepática. La biopsia hepática es un método invasivo que permite una clasificación pronóstica adecuada de la enfermedad, pero por sus complicaciones solo debe realizarse en pacientes seleccionados: aquellos con riesgo elevado de esteatohepatitis o riesgo de fibrosis por laboratorio o clínica, o con otras enfermedades hepáticas coexistentes. La identificación temprana de enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica permite la implementación de medidas tempranas para disminuir la morbimortalidad asociada a esta condición.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a spectrum of liver diseases ranging from steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. Its prevalence increases with age and with obesity, and is strongly associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome and increased cardiovascular and malignant diseases. It is caused by an accumulation of triglycerides in liver hepatocytes and muscles, and related to insulin resistance. Its presence is associated with the increase of alanine aminotransferase (alt), although it may not be elevated in advanced disease. There are 5 indexes used for the diagnosis of hepatic steatosis: SteatoTest, fatty liver index, NAFLD liver fat score, lipid accumulation product and hepatic steatosis index, whereas for esteatohepatitis the NASH test, NASH diagnostics, as well as the non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) score and HAIR (hypertension, ALT, and insulin resistance). In stages of fibrosis AST-ALT index increases as well as ferritin in blood and the NAFLD fibrosis score, which has a high specificity for diagnosis. Abdominal ultrasound is widely available, but its diagnostic sensitivity is lower when there are mild degrees of hepatic fatty infiltration. Computed tomography has a specificity of 100% when fat content is greater than 30%, but the radiation emitted prevents frequent use. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy is the method of choice for the detection and quantification of liver fat content. Liver biopsy is an invasive method that enables appropriate prognostic classification of the disease, but has some complications, and should only be performed in selected individuals: high risk of steatohepatitis or fibrosis risk of laboratory or clinical or other co-existing liver disease. Early identification of NAFLD allows early measures to be implemented in order to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with this condition.

Guías para el tratamiento de la Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2. Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes / Guidelines for the treatment of the diabetes mellitus type 2. Argentine Society of Diabetes

Objetivos: 1) actualizar la Guía de Tratamiento de la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes publicada en el año 2010; 2) proveer al equipo de salud una herramienta actualizada para el manejo terapéutico de las personas con esta patología. Materiales y métodos: se convocó a un grupo de expertos, miembros titulares de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes, para analizar los trabajos disponibles en distintas fuentes, clasificándolos de acuerdo a su nivel de evidencia (Tabla 2), éste podrá observarse en negrita al final del párrafo correspondiente; sobre esta base se modificó la guía 2010 actualizando sus contenidos. Se designó un comité de redacción responsable de la compaginación final del documento. Conclusiones: los cambios en el estilo de vida continúan siendo la primera opción terapéutica, la metformina es la droga de primera línea, si no existen contraindicaciones para su uso o intolerancia, cualquiera de las otras familias de fármacos antidiabéticos, la insulina y sus análogos pueden usarse como monoterapia o asociadas entre sí teniendo en cuenta sus contraindicaciones, siempre y cuando no se utilicen juntas aquellas con mecanismos de acción similar. Los algoritmos 1 y 2 pueden considerarse la síntesis de la propuesta actual, elaborada para orientar la toma de decisiones respecto del tratamiento de la DMT2

Metreleptin Treatment in Three Patients with Generalized Lipodystrophy.

Generalized lipodystrophy (GL) is a rare inherited or acquired disease characterized by widespread loss of subcutaneous fat, leading to leptin deficiency, ectopic fat deposition, and severe metabolic abnormalities. Previous studies have shown the benefit of leptin replacement (metreleptin) in ameliorating metabolic complications, but little is known about the experience of metreleptin treatment outside of a research setting. We report on post-marketing clinical experience with metreleptin therapy in three patients with GL and marked hypoleptinemia, uncontrolled diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia. After metreleptin treatment for 12-168 weeks, the mean glycated hemoglobin decreased from 10.9% to 5.8%, and serum triglycerides were normalized (a mean decline of 90%). These benefits were observed within weeks of starting therapy, were durable, and were accompanied by subjective improvements in quality of life, decreased need for concomitant medications, and no significant adverse effects. Metreleptin was safe and effective in normalizing certain severe metabolic abnormalities in the clinic setting.